Heartbeat stars, discovered in large numbers by NASA’s Kepler space telescope, are binary stars (systems of two stars orbiting each other) that got their name because if you were to map out their brightness over time, the result would look like an electrocardiogram, a graph of the electrical activity of the heart. Scientists are interested in them because they are binary systems in elongated elliptical orbits. This makes them natural laboratories for studying the gravitational effects of stars on each other.
In a heartbeat star system, the distance between the two stars varies drastically as they orbit each other. Heartbeat stars can get as close as a few stellar radii to each other, and as far as 10 times that distance during the course of one orbit.
At the point of their closest encounter, the stars’ mutual gravitational pull causes them to become slightly ellipsoidal in shape, which is one of the reasons their light is so variable. This is the same type of “tidal force” that causes ocean tides on Earth. By studying heartbeat stars, astronomers can gain a better understanding of how this phenomenon works for different kinds of stars.
Tidal forces also cause heartbeat stars to vibrate or “ring” — in other words, the diameters of the stars rapidly fluctuate as they orbit each other. This effect is most noticeable at the point of closest approach.
“You can think about the stars as bells, and once every orbital revolution, when the stars reach their closest approach, it’s as if they hit each other with a hammer,” said Avi Shporer, NASA Sagan postdoctoral fellow at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, and lead author of a recent study on heartbeat stars. “One or both stars vibrate throughout their orbits, and when they get nearer to each other, it’s as though they are ringing very loudly.”
Kepler, now in its K2 Mission, discovered large numbers of heartbeat stars just in the last several years. A 2011 study discussed a star called KOI-54 that shows an increase in brightness every 41.8 days. In 2012, a subsequent study characterized 17 additional objects in the Kepler data and dubbed them “heartbeat stars.” To characterize these unique systems, further data and research were required.
Shporer’s study, published in the Astrophysical Journal, measured the orbits of 19 heartbeat star systems — the largest batch ever characterized in a single study. The authors followed up on known heartbeat stars, previously identified by the Kepler mission. Specifically, they used an instrument on the W.M. Keck Observatory telescope in Hawaii called the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), which measures the wavelengths of incoming light, which are stretched out when a star is moving away from us and shorter in motion toward us. This information allows astronomers to calculate the speed of the objects along the line of sight, and measure the shape of the orbit.
“We found that the heartbeat stars in our sample tend to be hotter than the sun and bigger than the sun,” Shporer said. “But it is possible that there are others with different temperature ranges that we did not yet measure.”
Study authors also postulate that some binary systems of heartbeat stars could have a third star in the system that has not yet been detected, or even a fourth star.
“The mere existence of heartbeat stars is a bit of a puzzle,” said Susan Mullally (formerly Thompson), a SETI Institute scientist working for the Kepler Mission at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, and co-author of the study. “All the tidal stretching of these heartbeat stars should have quickly caused the system to evolve into a circular orbit. A third star in the system is one way to create the highly stretched-out, elliptical orbits we observe.”
Researchers are currently pursuing follow-up studies to search for third-star components in heartbeat star systems.
“We look forward to continued collaboration between ground and space observatories to better understand the complex inner workings of heartbeat stars,” Shporer said.
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