Testing TBAD with UAVSAR

So we have a system that will detect aircraft and shutter the laser.

First Target of the Night
The Keck 2 laser acquires the first target of the night with the glow of sunset behind
It works… We think.

In theory TBAD will detect the TCAS transponder on an aircraft, turning off our AO Laser to avoid illuminating the aircraft. This work via means of a directional antenna mounted to the front of the telescope that is able to detect the 1090MHz TCAS transmissions from the aircraft. The system has been operational for the better part of a year, mounted to the Keck 2 telescope. It operates all the time, whether or not we are using the laser.

The problem is that there is very little air traffic over the summit, it is even more rare that a plane goes directly in front of the telescope while we are observing. It is these test cases we need to prove the system, an aircraft passing through where the laser would be. Though the first year of running the system we logged a total of one detection that would have resulted in a laser shutter event. We need more test cases if we are to prove to the FAA that the system works as designed.

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Visiting UAVSAR

The aircraft is rather unremarkable, a standard small jet sitting among many similar aircraft at the Kona airport. It is the NASA colors and the odd pod hanging underneath that belies that this jet is somewhat unusual. This aircraft does not shuttle passengers across the country, it is home to a unique instrument called UAVSAR.

UAVSAR Aircraft
NASA aircraft equipped with UAVSAR pod
After giving the JPL staff a tour of Keck, they reciprocated and offered a tour of their aircraft. An offer that we readily accepted! After three days of watching the jet fly overhead, an opportunity to to see this aircraft up close was not to be wasted.

During this deployment the aircraft has quartered the Big Island, mapping any changes in the landscape on this volcanically active land. The acronym UAVSAR stands for Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar. As the name implies the system is designed to operate from a UAV, but it is currently installed in a crewed Gulfstream III aircraft.

UAVSAR image of Kilauea
Color-enhanced UAVSAR interferogram images of Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano, image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The system is capable of sub-centimeter accuracy, mapping the surface of our planet with a reconfigurable, polarimetric L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR). This can reveal precise information about the shape of the land, moisture content of the soil, vegetation differences and more. Making multiple passes of the same area allows study of subtle changes in the terrain due to erosion or volcanic activity. Flying at 12,000 meters (40,000ft) the aircraft must navigate with exceptional accuracy to allow the radar to gather the data. A custom autopilot flies the aircraft through a 33 foot (10 meter) “tube” in the air between two GPS waypoints.

For this mission it is this volcanic island that is the target. As any islander knows we live on a rock that moves. The island settles into the sea, slides into the ocean, and swells where magma pushes its way into the volcano. Each year they return to Hawai’i to re-map the island, this is the fourth year they have returned to check the changes wrought by the volcanoes.

The JPL/NASA folks have completed their mission to the island for the year. Our tour was the morning they were due to depart, flying back to the Dryden Flight Research Center in California.

UAVSAR
UAVSAR radar pod
The aircraft is not as jammed with electronics as I envisioned. Boarding the plane one finds a few equipment racks and a number of comfortable seats available for the folks that have to tend the electronics through ten hour missions. It is an odd combination of custom electronics built to aerospace standards and off-the-shelf electronics fastened into the racks, including computers, monitors and ethernet routers. Much of the gear is used for simply monitoring the instrument, rather than needed for the radar. One can see how the system could be installed in a smaller UAV.

Hanging underneath the aircraft is the pod containing the radar itself. Bright white, the pod sports a flat antenna down the port side for the sideways looking beam. A trio of scoops on the front ram air through the pod to keep the electronics cool.

We chatted with the flight crew and the radar team learning about the instrument and aircraft. They travel all over the US and sometimes around the globe. They have mapped volcanoes in Alaska and Japan, glaciers in Iceland, measured oil spills, and scanned regions effected by major earthquakes. We noted that they had a fascinating job, while they said the same right back at us.

After the tour our hosts kicked us off the plane and began start-up for their hop back to the mainland. We got the data disks with the GPS data we needed for our tests and traded business cards and contact info. I will have to keep my eye out for the results of this year’s Big Island deployment.